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A recent study found that overall bacterial diversity was different across nonconsumers and consumers of artificial sweeteners, including Ace-K and aspartame, in heathy human adults in the United States, but the consumption and doses of the artificial sweeteners were only estimated based on a four-day food record. Also, Ace-K, like sodium saccharin and sodium cyclamate, belongs to sulfonamides, a chemical class associated with antimicrobial activity. Although its toxicity data reported to date are considered inadequate, previous studies have found that Ace-K is genotoxic and can inhibit glucose fermentation by intestinal bacteria.
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In addition, chronic inflammation commonly occurs in obesity and diabetes, and gut bacteria can produce numerous pro-inflammatory mediators, raising the question of the potential role of artificial sweetener-disrupted gut bacteria in eliciting host inflammation.Īcesulfame-K (Ace-K) is one of the major low-calorie artificial sweeteners in the modern diet. However, the specific effects of artificial sweeteners on the gut microbiota and their metabolism are still largely unknown. In addition, a recent study found that non-caloric artificial sweeteners, such as saccharin, impaired glucose tolerance by modulating the composition of gut bacteria. A previous study found that consumption of Splenda, a nonnutritive sweetener containing 1% sucralose, impaired the growth of gut bacteria in rats.
#Gain 2017 series#
The dysbiosis of the gut microbiome is associated with a series of human diseases, including obesity, diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease. However, multiple environmental factors, such as diet, antibiotics and heavy metals, can disrupt the ecological balance in the gut. Moreover, commensal microflora colonization is necessary for immune system development, enteric nerve regulation and pathogen prevention. The gut microbiome is deeply involved in host metabolism and plays a crucial role in food digestion and energy homeostasis in the human body. Recently, much attention has been paid to the regulating effects of the gut microbiota on the host health. However, the specific mechanism through which artificial sweeteners dysregulate the host metabolism remains elusive. These findings suggest that artificial sweeteners may increase the risk of obesity. Artificial sweeteners have been found to cause glucose intolerance and induce metabolic syndrome and are also associated with higher body weight gain. However, accumulating evidence in recent years suggests that artificial sweetener consumption could perturb human metabolism, especially glucose regulation. Some epidemiological studies have shown that artificial sweeteners are beneficial for weight loss and to those who suffer from glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Collectively, our results may provide a novel understanding of the interaction between artificial sweeteners and the gut microbiome, as well as the potential role of this interaction in the development of obesity and the associated chronic inflammation.Īs widely used food additives and sugar substitutes, artificial sweeteners can enhance flavor and simultaneously reduce calorie intake. In particular, ace-K increased body weight gain of male but not female mice. The observed body weight gain, shifts in the gut bacterial community composition, enrichment of functional bacterial genes related to energy metabolism, and fecal metabolomic changes were highly gender-specific, with differential effects observed for males and females. We found that Ace-K consumption perturbed the gut microbiome of CD-1 mice after a 4-week treatment. In this study, we explored the effects of Ace-K on the gut microbiome and the changes in fecal metabolic profiles using 16S rRNA sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomics. In particular, the functional impact of Ace-K on the gut microbiome is largely unknown. Acesulfame-potassium (Ace-K), a FDA-approved artificial sweetener, is commonly used, but its toxicity data reported to date are considered inadequate.
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Interestingly, the artificial sweetener saccharin could alter gut microbiota and induce glucose intolerance, raising questions about the contribution of artificial sweeteners to the global epidemic of obesity and diabetes. Numerous studies have indicated an important role of the gut microbiome in body weight control and glucose metabolism and regulation. and other countries over the last two decades.
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Obesity and type 2 diabetes have dramatically increased in the U.S. Artificial sweeteners have been widely used in the modern diet, and their observed effects on human health have been inconsistent, with both beneficial and adverse outcomes reported.